Week 12- Spirit of Mediated Asia

As historical events and attitudes shape the way people perceive things, media furthermore amplifies those perspectives. This is no more evident than in the way in which Asians have been, and currently still do, to some extent get portrayed in film and TV. Generally speaking, “while non-Western cultural products may appeal to Westerners for being unique and exotic, they are often regarded as so different as to be alienating” (Wu & Chan, 2007, p. 198). The common stereotypes for Asians in Western media are either that of the token Asian or a negative stereotype such as the yellow peril. The token Asian can be found in modern shows such as Grey’s Anatomy and films such as Charlie’s Angels. But as with everything in life, nothing just comes into being; Asians aren’t depicted in the minority for no reason, it all has to do with the historical context from which these stereotypes originated. Hemant Shah has outlined some key historical reasons as to why there is a certain level of distrust between Asians and white Americans. Between 1900 and 1930 there was a great increase in the Asian population in the US, and with all of the new immigrants looking for work they took all of the jobs that the white Americans had written off as too difficult or too tedious. Moreover, the Asians began making great profits following their commitment and dedication to working on the poor farmland. Soon the Asians started taking manual labor jobs and the white Americans felt so severely threatened that they created the Asian Exclusion League (AEL). Its goal was to expel all Asians from the US and prevent immigration from Asia (Shah, 2003, p. 3) Therefore, given that these were the issues being dealt with by white Americans, the media furthermore amplified their perspective and strong dislike for Asians and thus began the negative portrayals that are still evident to some extent in today’s society.

The ways in which Asians were portrayed in the media throughout history were strongly dependant on the historical events at that particular time. Prior to World War II and the threat of Japanese invasion, all Asians in the media were portrayed in the same way- simply as one race; the “Asian culture was understood as a single, unitary entity” (Shah, 2003, p. 5). However there was a significant shift in western preference to depict particularly Japanese Asians in strongly negative roles, and to depict Chinese Asians as “virtuous, industrious and trustworthy” (Shah, 2003, p. 3). The increased preference for Chinese Asians at this time inspired the stereotype of ‘Asian wisdom’ which has continued to develop as a regular stereotype clearly evident within modern media. An obvious shift in Asian depictions were evident following the rise of Mao Tse- tung to power in China and the rise of communism. Following World War II the Japanese and the west had somewhat settled their differences and thus the focus fell to a hatred of communism and furthermore a strong and obvious dislike of the Chinese Asian. A vast contrast to just a few years before, following the rise of communism the Chinese Asians went from being depicted as trustworthy to in the 1950s and 60s being depicted as “deceitful, cruel, addicted to drugs, and hateful of westerns” (Shah, 2003, p. 4) a stark comparison to earlier portrayals. All due to the effects of historical events thus amplified in the media. Through western portrayals of Asians through negative stereotypes as has been evident, the stereotypes act as a source of control that serve as a part of a mechanism of social control of Asian Americans and Asians (Shah, 2003, p. 5). Furthermore it is clearly apparent that historical events have an extremely high impact on the way that Asians are portrayed in western media and that the feelings towards that stereotype are amplified through media.      

References:

Shah, H. (2003). "Asian Culture" and Asian American Identities in the Television and Film Industries. Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 1-10.

Wu, H., & Chan, J. M. (2007). Globalizing Chinese Martial Arts in Cinema: the global- local alliance and the production of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. Media, Culture & Society, 197-217.

Image Courtesy of Pixabay: http://pixabay.com/en/photos/?q=kung+fu&orientation=&image_type=

Week 11- Indigenous Media, Music and Film- Adapting to fit Western Audiences

 

Incorporating any two distinctly different approaches to merge into one coherent perspective is no easy task, especially when the challenge is to integrate the ideologies and culture of Indigenous Australians with the western methods of media. Throughout Australia’s history the relationship between Indigenous and Non- Indigenous Australians has been poor, primarily due to a lack of understanding between the two cultures. It has taken a long period of time for the Indigenous population of Australia to adapt to the seemingly material and self-focused society in which westerners are so accustomed to. However in saying that, we now have collaborative relationships with members of the Indigenous community in areas of the media such as film. The challenge of course with collaboration between the Indigenous and Non- Indigenous community however, is that these two groups come from very distinctly different backgrounds and regard things in different priorities. An example of this difference can be found in the distinct religious practices. For instance, “Aboriginal religious thought is performative rather than meditative, and relational more than privatistic” (Sutton, 2010, p. 71) illustrating the importance of connectedness.

The methods by which the two cultures communicate are vastly different. For instance, the importance placed on storytelling within the Aboriginal community is far greater than what it is the western culture, for without storytelling in the Aboriginal community, none of the tribes could connect to their faith, learn how to fight or hunt. It was greatly through storytelling in the Indigenous culture that they learnt how to live. By comparison, Non- Indigenous Australians communicate through other methods in addition to storytelling, for instance, writing is a much more significant aspect of communication than storytelling. Furthermore, whilst the Indigenous communities of Australia have used the art of storytelling for life lessons and as a primary form of communication, Non- Indigenous Australians have primarily seen storytelling as a source of entertainment. Thus when creating a film that incorporates both cultures, at the “heart of the delicate balancing act is the task of bringing together ‘two very different storytelling traditions’” (Davis, 2007, p. 7) in a way that captures the essence of both and does justice to the integrity of each.

The challenge with presenting a different world view to that of the traditional western ideologies which Non-Indigenous Australians witness all the time, is that the different perspective needs to somehow be adapted to a western framework or backdrop that allows the audience to connect with something that they can relate to. For instance, films about other countries and cultures such as Bride and Prejudice, find that the only way to be successful in a western market is to incorporate aspects of western society into the production. Firstly, whilst looking at Bride and Prejudice, it is a story about a Indian family, however, in the film they are all quite western looking Indians. Secondly, the film is spoken in English the whole time, with multiple members of American or English actors. Finally, Bride and Prejudice is based off of the British Jane Austen novel, Pride and Prejudice. These factors indicate to me that a common belief on success in western culture is to adapt whatever culture it is, but to put it into a western context. Furthermore, in relation to incorporating the two worldviews between the Indigenous and Non- Indigenous cultures, the challenge is to allow the film adaptations to be authentic to them and represent the Indigenous culture in an unbiased way, yet to make it “work for us” (Davis, 2007, p. 7) as a Non-Indigenous audience.    

References:

Davis, T. (2007). Remembering our Ancestors: cross cultural collaboration and the mediation of Aboriginal culture and history in Ten Canoes (Rolf de Heer, 2006). Studies in Australian Cinema, 5-12.

Sutton, P. (2010). Aboriginal Spirituality in a New Age. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 71-89.

Image Courtesy of Pixabay: http://pixabay.com/en/photos/q=aboriginal&orientation=&image_type=

Week 10- Media, Religion, News

It seems to be that whenever there is a news story regarding religion, the content is of scandal or judgement. For instance, the sex scandals regarding the Catholic Church and the hate-crimes committed to people of the Islamic faith following the terrorist attacks that occurred on the 11^th of September 2001. It appears to be a rare occurrence that the general public are curious in religious affairs unless there is some form of event or issue behind the storyline. Therefore, in retrospect, when looking at the way Islam has been represented in the media over the past few years it is apparent that “Islam is usually treated negatively and is often associated with terrorism, war, fundamentalism and the repression of women” (Hopkins, 2008, p. 43). It is crucial to understand that all media has a sense of purpose and furthermore, has a significant bias or angle from which they are trying to make clear to the readers. Thus with this understanding all readers need to ensure that they acknowledge that the information in which they are being presented in whatever form of media it will be, in regards to Muslim activity has been “constructed from a marginal knowledge of the Muslim world; which furthermore presents a negative view of that world; this narrow view has rarely been balanced by representations of the normal, stable, social existence experienced by the vast majority of Muslims’” (Hopkins, 2008, p. 43). Moreover, the angle or bias in which the public receive are often very selective and one sided, thus caution must be evident in order to ensure that a misrepresentation of an entire religious community does not occur.

 

As with anything in life, no two people are the same, people don’t practice their faith in the same way or even to the same degree of intensity; therefore to pigeon hole an entire religious group through negative portrayals in the media, does not do the entire faith and its followers any justice. Prime examples of these ignorant and generalised groupings are that of the hate crimes surrounding the Islamic community following the events of 9/11. Additionally the “whole interpretive frame in the West surrounding the September 11 events has been one of a binary polarization, between the West and Islam: the West associated with civilizational values and Islam with violence against it” (Hopkins, 2008, p. 46). Subsequent fires at mosques in the US illustrated to a full extent the complete ignorance and misunderstanding of how Islam was being perceived. In reaction to the unjustifiable harm being committed against innocent Muslims following the terrorist attacks the white house made a deliberate effort to establish that members of Islam were not to blame for the attacks, but certain individuals. Furthermore, following the initiative undertaken by the White House public relations team to encourage Americans to get along with Muslims, the national press quickly followed suit and felt it appropriate to adjust their angle on the events concerning those days. In terms of why there is a lingering dislike for Muslims could have something to do with the fact that the US always appreciates having something to fight against. For instance, following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, Islam became the global threat that replaced communism as the enemy of the West (Ibrahim, 2010, p. 112).  Moreover highlighting the need to have a constant pressure to remain a moral compass for the world and allowing the US to stand tall as a ‘moral’ country. Despite the fact that American officials went to great lengths to emphasise that the “war on terror was not a was against Islam but against the individuals who committed the crimes, there was some form of a “with us or against us” mentality evident in the President Bush era (Ibrahim, 2010, p. 121). Therefore, as a result of this mentality, despite some conscious efforts being made by members in the media, there is still an overarching theme of suspiciousness and curiosity surrounding Islam as a religion, and furthermore, the people that practice it.

 

References:

Hopkins, L. (2008). Muslim Turks and anti-Muslim discourse: The effects of media constructions of 'Islamic' and 'Arabic' in Australia. Australian Journal of Communication, 41-48.

Ibrahim, D. (2010). The Framing of Islam on Network News Following the September 11th Attacks. The International Communication Gazette, 111-125.

Image Courtesy of Pixabay: http://pixabay.com/en/photos/?q=news&orientation=&image_type=

Week 9- Representations and Influence

As with many aspects of life, the media plays a significant role in regards to the way the general public interprets and perceives current events in the world. In most instances people do not have a great depth of knowledge from which to draw from to make informed conclusions on their personal perspective in regards to current issues, thus most people look to multiple forms of media for their information. Media is incorporated into daily life so heavily that people do not realize that their perspective may not necessarily be their own, but a perspective that has been filtered and constructed in such a way that clearly illustrates a particular bias. Without realizing the affect that media has on our worldviews, people become heavily influenced unknowingly through television shows, news programs, social media, radio etc. Bias in the media is strongly evident in the numerous and varied portrayals of different religions. Hall has the understanding that “the media constructs for us a definition of what race is” (Hall, 2000, p. 273) highlighting the idea that as an audience, our stance on certain issues, particularly something as controversial as race, is very easily influenced and manipulated by the bias illustrated in the media. The significance of the role in which media plays within today’s society is great; for it is through engaging with the media that people are able to understand things that perhaps they would not have had the opportunity to try and understand before.

Despite the fact that all religions have a standard stereotype within the western media; it is apparent that particularly Islam and Christianity are often seen to be polar opposites.  On the popular American teen drama The Secret Life of the American Teenager the show’s creators depict the Christians in a strongly stereotyped and concerned, conservative manner with “awkward conversations such as "What would my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ think?" (Darden, 2009). Whilst, Islam, furthermore Muslims are frequently portrayed as being “pre-modern and violent, unlike the West, which emerges as superior, modern and enlightened” (Canas, 2008, p. 195). Such portrayals are often considered to illustrate points of ignorance and fear, with unkind depictions and representations of Islam in that way, many seek to change that negative perception commonly found in the media. A TV show called Little Mosque on the Prairie, aims to “expose western viewers to the everyday lives of Muslims living in the West” (Canas, 2008, p. 198).   Throughout the duration of the show, the storyline explores the prejudices and nasty attitudes commonly held towards Muslims. Through television shows such as this, the media can allow comedies or other television programs to educate the masses of viewers and attempt to change their world view for the better. Therefore whilst there will always be bias in the media, it is important that members of the general public have access to multiple perspectives.

 

References:

Canas, S. (2008). The Little Mosque on the Prairie: Examining (Multi) Cultural Spaces of Nation and Religion . Cultural Dynamics, 195-211.

Darden, K. E. (2009, January 6). Sex and the City for Teens: The Secret Life of the American Teenager Season One Review. Retrieved May 12, 2013, from Yahoo Voices: http://voices.yahoo.com/sex-city-teens-secret-life-the-2459495.html

Hall, S. (2000). Racist Ideologies and the Media. In P. Marris, & S. Thornham (Eds.), Media Studies: A Reader (2nd ed., pp. 271-282). New York: New York University Press.

Video Courtesy of YouTube:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vA-ZASFmuiY

Image Courtesy of Pixabay: http://pixabay.com/en/photos/?q=muslim&orientation=&image_type=

Critical Review and Interview

The relationship between religion and media is constantly evolving and developing to incorporate new methods to convey new ideas through new forms of expression; thus the way in which people respond to such changes in perception develop as well. This review aims to better understand the impacts of media on the public image of the Christian faith and to develop a clearer indication in regards to what extent media influences public perception and furthermore, popularity of certain religions. Vivacious, yet easy-going 19 year old James Cook University student from Townsville, Shannon Henaway, was more than happy to share her thoughts on the relationship between religion and media. Ms Henaway, a parishioner of the Assemblies of God Church was raised in the church following the beliefs of her parents’ Christian Fundamentalist worldview. Having grown up in that environment and having completed her schooling in a Christian school, Ms Henaway said that she was always ‘keenly aware of it (her faith)… it’s normal to me’; however, as she matured she said that her ‘family’s core values became my own in young adulthood’.  As a young nursing student, Ms Henaway does not actively involve herself with promoting the beliefs or mission statements of her church outside of positive discussion and obvious passion for her faith; however she is constantly surrounded by religious comments made in the media whether about her own religion or another. Whilst there are some concerns in regards to over-exposure when it comes to publicising aspects of religion, Mitchell states that “rather than worrying about the potential dangers of media such as television, film, radio or the internet, many writers or practitioners also emphasise their potential for reaching new audiences” (Mitchell, 2007, p. 38), furthermore enabling people to have the ability and freedom to better understand the different options that are available.

Despite the popular belief that members of the younger generations are not being involved in religious communities or practices, Ms Henaway is a brilliant example of a young woman continuing in her faith journey, the same one she began when she was little. She does however understand with quite a deep comprehension as to why Christianity, as a traditional religion is perhaps not for everyone within today’s society. Ms Henaway stated that ‘a lot of traditional religious groups are seemingly having a lot of difficulty in remaining relevant to current generations. An inability to evolve with the changing times whilst still remaining true to their core beliefs and faith makes it difficult for people to see the need to adopt such religions into their lives. People aren’t going to want something that they don’t see a need for anymore’. This shift in perspective as illustrated by Ms Henaway was previously argued by Emile Durkheim, with the understanding that “the growth of moral individualism is bound to reduce the significance of organised religion” (Redmond & Holmes, 2007, p. 172). Einstein relates the modern search for religion to a shopping adventure for a convenient “religious institution that meets their needs” (Einstein, 2011, p. 332). These perspectives highlight the developing culture and perception that surrounds traditional religions such as Christianity. Furthermore, it is critical to establish what impacts varying media styles have of the perception and popularity of religion.

When Ms Henaway was asked if she thought that religions should have their own media, she strongly replied that she personally does not believe they should. She mentioned that ‘Christian TV and other such media forums are great for believers but are completely irrelevant to the wider community. Moreover, believing that the whole mantra of Christianity is one of evangelism and being relevant to the world you’re living in; religious media doesn’t do this effectively at all’, she stated.  Comparatively to this personalised perspective, scholarly writers have mentioned that “the fundamental problem of religious communication is how best to represent and mediate the sacred” (O'Leary, 1996, p. 787). Furthermore others such as Campbell and Mitchell respectively have claimed to see “media technology as a God-given resource to be embraced for religious purposes” (Campbell, 2010, p. 20), as “Ben Armstrong, former Executive Director of National Religious Broadcasters in the USA sees the ‘awesome technology of broadcasting’ as one of the ‘major miracles of modern times’; for him, television and radio have ‘broken through the walls of tradition’” (Mitchell, 2007, p. 38). Amongst the many positives that have arisen as a result of mass media coverage on religious events and topics it is to be noted that media does come with its downfalls.

As previously illustrated there are multiple benefits to a strong relationship between religion and media. However, unfortunately, as a result of the child abuse allegations in recent years against members of the Catholic Church, Ms Henaway has been a victim of some public indiscretion against her faith. Ms Henaway has said that most of the media reports about her religion, and she believes religion in general, are very much one-sided angles that focus on the negatives. She continued to say that there were ‘many prominent issues surrounding the Catholic Church, illustrating the inadequate way that sexual abuse of children has been dealt with has political and global ramifications’. She spoke of her disappointment in seeing the status of Christianity within Australian culture go from being regarded as a ‘pillar of society’ to now having the perception of religion and its fundamental beliefs as being ‘labelled irrelevant and archaic’. It is important to understand that it takes more than one form of media to create such a drastic change in public perception, “differences between kinds of media do make a difference, but, at the same time, it is a technological fact that we are in an era of ‘multi-media’….What they know and what they do from one bleeds over to the other” (Hoover, 2006, p. 142). People often underestimate that influence that media has on public perception, Hjarvard has stated that “it is important to stress that modern media do not only present or report on religious issues; they also change the very ideas and authority of religious institutions and alter the ways in which people interact with each other when dealing with religious issues… media can be seen as an agent of religious change  (Hjarvard, 2008, p. 11)”. For instance, a new miniseries on the History Channel in the USA called The Bible, has received great reviews as it “continues its unprecedented success with its home entertainment launch and quickly became the biggest selling TV on DVD in the last 5 years among other new records. THE BIBLE series is flying off store shelves around the country with 525,000 units sold. It was watched by an astonishing 95 million viewers” (Lightworkers Media, 2013, p. np). The size of the success of this miniseries based on the Christian Holy Bible illustrates and highlights the great extent to which media plays in advertising and popularising religion when it chooses to.

Following the at times, negative public perception that the media encourages, through multiple means, Ms Henaway insists that ‘although media may present differing views and standpoints on particular issues; I’m firmly established in my beliefs’. She continues to state that ‘for me personally, it isn’t the attending ‘church’ or fulfilling that duty that makes you a ‘Christian’. There were times where I didn’t attend. Christianity is a conscious decision made daily to live and behave in such a way that your life becomes bigger than yourself’; an idea that can’t exactly be promoted in an advertisement. Furthermore, through interviewing 19 year old Nursing student, Shannon Henaway, it is apparent that despite her Christian Fundamentalist faith being at times scrutinised by the media, she is confident in her beliefs and understands that media is a tool in which has the ability to rapidly change public perceptions, and acknowledges that sometimes the media is with you whilst other times it is clearly challenging.   

 

Reference List

 

Campbell, H. (2010). When Religion Meets New Media. London: Taylor and Francis.

Einstein, M. (2011). The Evolution of Religious Branding. Social Compass, 331-338.

Hjarvard, S. (2008). Mediatisation of religion : a theory of the media as agents of religious change. Northern lights : film and media studies yearbook, 6(1), 9-26.

Hoover, S. M. (2006). Religion in the Media Age. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.

Lightworkers Media. (2013, April 8). News. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from The Bible: http://www.bibleseries.tv/the-bible-1-tv-on-dvd-in-the-last-5-years/

Mitchell, J. (2007). Questioning Media and Religion. In G. Lynch, Between Sacred and Profane (pp. 38-46). London: I.B. Tauris.

O'Leary, S. D. (1996). Cyberspace as a Sacred Space: Communicating Religion on Computer Networks. Journal of the American Acadamy of Religion, 781-808.

Redmond, S., & Holmes, S. (2007). Stardom and Celebrity. London: Sage Publications.

Week 8- Tranquillity and Serenity

Tranquillity and Serenity

The calming sounds of the cheerful birds,

The soft twittering of the dragon flies,

The refreshing splash of the water as the birds flock to a nearby tree,

This is what is calming to me.

 

 

To me personally, I really value the opportunity to sit and be with my thoughts in a calm and relaxing environment. Whether it is being on the sand at the beach, lying on a picnic rug on a nice piece of grass, admiring a spectacular waterfall or just sitting quietly in front of a lake, the opportunity to sit and be still is one to be valued and treasured.

Having the ability to immerse oneself into a different environment, to disconnect from other aspects of life for just a few moments is to have the ability to connect with oneself but also to connect with the environment in which one is immersed in.

 

Often when I feel stressed and overwhelmed I will go for a run along the river or sit in the sun amongst the trees in front of the lake. There is something about being outside that leaves me feeling less structured and freer to do as I choose. Being able to sit in the sun and have the sun take away all stress and anxiety often leaves me feeling relaxed and helps me to put things into perspective; for it is the connection with nature that often leaves me understanding that my world, and furthermore, my life, is only a tiny part in the universe. As a young person I believe we often get caught up in our own little worlds, at times completely ignorant of the real issues facing people around us on a local and global scale. It was through observing the different animals at the lake, seeing their circle of life, how they live, eat and defend themselves that puts my life and my worries into perspective.

I find myself getting caught up on making sure things in my life are done by a certain time- in a sense creating a timeline for my life. But as I grow older the more I realise that it really doesn’t matter how long it takes you to do something, as long as you enjoy what you are doing. Life is not about the destination, but about the journey. It is the things that you to trying to get to your destination, that is living- all the little things in between. For if we look at the end goal of life, it is that we die and join God in heaven, but if that was all we focused on, then we wouldn’t even enjoy our lives, which is the entirety of our journey. Thus, my main aim in life is to enjoy every moment of my life and to not get hung up on timelines, but to ensure that everything that I do is what I want, and that it makes me happy and satisfied to do it.

Both Images were taken by myself

Week 7- The Inevitable Rise and Acceptance of Online Religion

 

Usage of the internet and social media in general is rapidly increasing along with its popularity and acceptance into daily life. Therefore, should we really be surprised about the rise of religious related organisations or even churches, taking to social networking to spread their messages? I think not. Given that social media and other forums are about expressing yourself as a person, your likes, dislikes, beliefs and interests- for most people religion is a major part of their lives and how it shapes them as people. Thus, why wouldn’t there be things on the internet that are related to practicing religion.

Usage of the internet is far more than simply conveying ideas to a large body of people; it also enables group leaders to create “innovative forms of religious interaction and ritual engagement” (Campbell H. , 2010, p. 19), allowing followers and participants to immerse themselves into the environment in multiple and varied forms of media and discussion.

As a reflection of the individual, what people post on the internet frequently mirror the attitudes and perspective of the individual, thus the internet has become as space where people have “readily brought their faith online with them… enabled them to live out their faith in a net-worked environment” (Campbell H. , 2010, p. 20). Having the ability to live out a religious connection online enables many people who have difficulty accessing a Church or sacred space, the opportunity to still have that same connection without any significant disadvantage. Some religious organisations are more online than others with some “online cyber churches having provided online prayer centres and even hosting weekly internet-based meetings or rituals” (Campbell H. , 2010, p. 23).  Highlighting that to engage in a religious experience you don’t necessarily have to be in a ‘sacred’ space, you can in fact make anything that you want sacred, it just depends on your perspective.

With the rise in both popularity and acceptance of religious rituals and such being online, it raises the query as to what actually makes a church, and do you have to be in a sacred space ie. Temple or church etc. to receive just as valuable an experience that is both satisfying and rewarding from an online ritual or service? St Pixels: Church of the Internet have a mission that is to “explore the online Christian community and to test the boundaries of what exactly church is and needs to be to ‘be church’” (Campbell H. , 2010, p. 24). Whilst some others state that “engagements with technology offer humans a magical or religious experience” (Campbell & La Pastina, 2010, p. 4) It is quickly becoming apparent that at least, if a person cannot get themselves to a service in person, through the internet, people have been gifted with the opportunity to feel religiously enriched through online means.  

Campbell, H. (2010). When Religion Meets New Media. London: Taylor and Francis.

Campbell, H. A., & La Pastina, A. C. (2010). How the iPhone became divine: new media, religion and the intertextual circulation of meaning. New Media & Society, 1911-1207.

Image courtesy of Pixabay: http://pixabay.com/en/matrix-face-silhouette-69681/